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Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting different results. - Albert Einstein
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January 29 2012
Philosophy of Technology
Philosophy of Technology Like many domain-specific subfields of philosophy, such as philosophy of physics or philosophy of biology, philosophy of technology is a comparatively young field of investigation. It is generally thought to have emerged as a recognizable philosophical specialization in the second half of the 19th century, its origins often being located with the [...]
January 28 2012
January 27 2012
Parenthood and Procreation
[Revised entry by Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum on January 26, 2012.
Changes to: 0]
The ethics of parenthood and procreation apply not only to daily acts of decision-making by parents and prospective procreators, but also to law, public policy, and medicine. Two recent social and technological shifts make this topic especially pressing. First, changing family demographics in North America and Europe mean that children are increasingly reared in blended families, by single...
Margaret Fell
[New Entry by Jacqueline Broad on January 26, 2012.]
On the strength of her 1666 pamphlet, Womens Speaking Justified, the Quaker writer Margaret Fell has been hailed as a feminist pioneer. In this short tract, Fell puts forward several arguments in favour of women's preaching. She asserts the spiritual equality of the sexes, she appeals to female exempla in the Bible, and she reinterprets key scriptural passages that appear to...
Metaethics
[Revised entry by Geoff Sayre-McCord on January 26, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Metaethics is the attempt to understand the metaphysical, epistemological, semantic, and psychological, presuppositions and commitments of moral thought, talk, and practice. As such, it counts within its domain a broad range of questions and puzzles, including: Is morality more a matter of taste than truth? Are moral standards culturally relative? Are there moral facts? If there are moral facts,...
January 26 2012
Juridik, makt och moral
Frågan om hur vi ska förhålla oss till lagen kan tyckas självklar: vi ska lyda! Ändå kan den ibland synas orättvis. Legalt är kanske inte alltid legitimt? Faktum är att lagar, liksom ett samhälles värderingar, förändras över tid. En annan värld är möjlig! utropar aktivisten. Men bör de sociala rörelserna verka med eller mot lagen i sin kamp för andra möjliga världar, andra samhällssystem än det rådande?Land ska med lag byggas. Men vem som bygger lagarna, för vem de byggs och utifrån vilka kriterier - det kan tåla en granskning. För detta är filosofen Per Bauhn och rättsvetaren Mikael Baaz inbjudna till Filosofiska rummet och ett samtal med programledaren Lars Mogensen. Producent är Thomas Lunderquist, Lokatt Media i Malmö, för Sveriges Radio.
Communitarianism
[Revised entry by Daniel Bell on January 25, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, Internet resources]
Modern-day communitarianism began in the upper reaches of Anglo-American academia in the form of a critical reaction to John Rawls' landmark 1971 book A Theory of Justice (Rawls 1971). Drawing primarily upon the insights of Aristotle and Hegel, political philosophers such as Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor and Michael Walzer disputed Rawls' assumption that the...
January 19 2012
The Lucas-Penrose Argument about Gödel’s Theorem
The Lucas-Penrose Argument about Gödel’s Theorem In 1961, J.R. Lucas published “Minds, Machines and Gödel,” in which he formulated a controversial anti-mechanism argument. The argument claims that Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem shows that the human mind is not a Turing machine, that is, a computer. The argument has generated a great deal of discussion since then. [...]
January 18 2012
Den andre i mångkulturen
Söndag 22 januari 17:00 i P1 (repris fredag 27 januari 21:03)
January 17 2012
Aristotle's Natural Philosophy
[Revised entry by Istvan Bodnar on January 16, 2012.
Changes to: Bibliography, Internet resources, notes.html]
Aristotle had a lifelong interest in the study of nature. He investigated a variety of different topics, ranging from general issues like motion, causation, place and time, to systematic explorations and explanations of natural phenomena across different kinds of natural entities. These different inquiries are integrated into the framework of a single overarching enterprise describing the...
January 13 2012
Ondska som sjukdom
När vi läser om massmördare och våldsverkare tänker vi ofta att vederbörande måste vara galen - det är ju helt sjukt att begå så onda handlingar! Men lagens och experternas definition av sjukdom är inte riktigt densamma som i det allmänna medvetandet. Och inte sällan vacklar även expertisen; i Norge gör just nu olika läkare helt skilda analyser av massmördaren Breiviks mentala hälsa.I Filosofiska rummet: Ondska som sjukdom hör vi den norske filosofen Lars Fr H Svendsen, författare till Ondskans filosofi, diskutera med Pontus Höglund, som forskar i medicinsk etik vid rättspsykiatriska kliniken i Malmö och lundafilosofen Jeanette Emt. Det handlar om olika former av ondska och hur detta begrepp är kopplat till sjukdom, fri vilja och frivilligt handlande.Producent är Thomas Lunderquist och programledare Lars Mogensen. Producerat av Lokatt Media för Sveriges Radio.Finns ondska, eller är det en sjukdom som kan botas? Eller har du andra synpunkter på vad som sägs i programmet? Skriv en kommentar i vårt kommentarsfält - och tänk på att hålla god ton och att argumentera sakligt för din ståndpunkt!
January 12 2012
Omnipotence
[Revised entry by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz on January 12, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Omnipotence is maximal power. Maximal greatness (or perfection) includes omnipotence. According to traditional Western theism, God is maximally great (or perfect), and therefore is omnipotent. Omnipotence seems puzzling, even paradoxical, to many philosophers. They wonder, for example, whether God can create a spherical cube, or make a stone so massive that he cannot move it. Is there a consistent analysis of...
Authority
[Revised entry by Tom Christiano on January 11, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
When is political authority legitimate? This is one of the fundamental questions of political philosophy. Depending on how one understands political authority this question may be the same as, when is coercion by the state legitimate? Or, when we do have duties to obey the state? Or, when and who has a right to rule through the state?...
Zeno of Elea
[Revised entry by John Palmer on January 11, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Zeno of Elea, 5th c. B.C.E. thinker, is known exclusively for propounding a number of ingenious paradoxes. The most famous of these purport to show that motion is impossible by bringing to light apparent or latent contradictions in ordinary assumptions regarding its occurrence. Zeno also argued against the commonsense assumption that there are many things by showing in various ways how it, too,...
January 07 2012
Medicine, Philosophy of
Philosophy of Medicine While philosophy and medicine, beginning with the ancient Greeks, enjoyed a long history of mutually beneficial interactions, the professionalization of “philosophy of medicine” is a nineteenth century event. One of the first academic books on the philosophy of medicine in modern terms was Elisha Bartlett’s Essay on the Philosophy of Medical Science, [...]
January 06 2012
Synesthesia
Synesthesia The word “synesthesia” or “synaesthesia,” has its origin in the Greek roots, syn, meaning union, and aesthesis, meaning sensation: a union of the senses. Many researchers use the term “synesthesia” to refer to a perceptual anomaly in which a sensory stimulus associated with one perceptual modality automatically triggers another insuppressible sensory experience which is [...]
Girard, René
René Girard (1923 – ) René Girard’s thought defies classification. He has written from the perspective of a wide variety of disciplines: Literary Criticism, Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, History, Biblical Hermeneutics and Theology. Although he rarely calls himself a philosopher, many philosophical implications can be derived from his work. Girard’s work is above all concerned with [...]
Platonism and Theism
Platonism and Theism This article explores the compatibility of, and relationship between, the Platonic and Theistic metaphysical visions. According to Platonism, there is a realm of necessarily existing abstract objects comprising a framework of reality beyond the material world. Platonism argues these abstract objects do not originate with creative divine activity. Traditional Theism contends that [...]
January 05 2012
Evolutionary Epistemology
[Revised entry by Michael Bradie and William Harms on January 5, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, Internet resources]
Evolutionary Epistemology is a naturalistic approach to epistemology, which emphasizes the importance of natural selection in two primary roles. In the first role, selection is the generator and maintainer of the reliability of our senses and cognitive mechanisms, as well as the "fit" between those mechanisms and the world. In the second role, trial and error learning and the evolution of scientific theories are...
Dispositions
[Revised entry by Sungho Choi and Michael Fara on January 5, 2012.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, supplement.html]
A glass has certain dispositions, for example the disposition to shatter when struck. But what is this disposition? It seems on the one hand to be a perfectly real property, a genuine respect of similarity common to glasses, china cups, and anything else fragile. Yet on the other hand, the glass's disposition seems mysterious, 'ethereal' (as Goodman (1954) put it) in a way that, say,...
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